Q.51) What is a heap data structure?
A. A heap is a specialized binary tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property, where the key stored at each node is greater than or equal to (max heap) or less than or equal to (min heap) the keys of its children, commonly used for priority queue implementations.
Q.52) Explain the concept of graph traversal.
A. Graph traversal is a process of visiting all the vertices (nodes) of a graph in a systematic order, commonly performed using algorithms such as depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) to explore the graph’s structure.
Q.53) What is a spanning tree?
A. A spanning tree of a graph is a subgraph that contains all the vertices of the original graph with the minimum possible number of edges, forming a tree without any cycles and ensuring connectivity between all vertices.
Q.54) Define Dijkstra’s algorithm.
A. Dijkstra’s algorithm is a greedy algorithm used to find the shortest path between nodes in a weighted graph, commonly used in routing and network optimization to determine the optimal path for data packets or messages.
Q.55) What is the Floyd-Warshall algorithm?
A. The Floyd-Warshall algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm used to find the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in a weighted graph, handling both positive and negative edge weights but requiring O(n^3) time complexity.
Q.56) Explain the concept of topological sorting.
A. Topological sorting is a linear ordering of the vertices of a directed graph such that for every directed edge uv from vertex u to vertex v, u comes before v in the ordering, commonly used in scheduling and dependency resolution problems.
Q.57) What is backtracking?
A. Backtracking is a problem-solving technique that involves systematically searching for a solution to a computational problem by exploring all possible candidate solutions and backtracking from those that do not satisfy the problem constraints.
Q.58) Define memoization.
A. Memoization is an optimization technique used in dynamic programming to store the results of expensive function calls and reuse them when the same inputs occur again, reducing redundant calculations and improving performance.
Q.59) What is a regular expression?
A. A regular expression is a sequence of characters that defines a search pattern for matching strings, commonly used in text processing and pattern matching tasks such as search and replace operations or input validation.
Q.60) Explain the concept of finite automata.
A. A finite automaton, also known as a finite state machine, is a mathematical model used to describe computation as a sequence of states and transitions between states based on input symbols, commonly used in parsing and pattern recognition.
Q.61) What is the OSI Model?
A. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework used to understand network communication. It consists of seven layers, each responsible for different functions in data transmission.
Q.62) Explain the concept of TCP/IP.
A. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a set of networking protocols used for communication on the internet and other similar networks.
Q.63) What is DNS?
A. DNS stands for Domain Name System. It translates domain names into IP addresses, allowing users to access websites using easy-to-remember names instead of numerical IP addresses.
Q.64) Define DHCP.
A. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a network management protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to devices on a network.
Q.65) What is NAT?
A. NAT (Network Address Translation) is a process used in routers to modify network address information in packet headers while in transit, often used to allow multiple devices on a network to share a single public IP address.
Q.66) Explain the concept of router.
A. A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It operates at the network layer of the OSI model and is essential for routing traffic between different networks.
Q.67) What is a switch?
A. A switch is a networking device that connects devices together within a local area network (LAN), using packet switching to forward data to the appropriate destination device based on its MAC address.
Q.68) Define VLAN.
A. VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a network segmentation technique that allows administrators to create logical groupings of devices within a physical network, improving network security, performance, and management.
Q.69) What is ICMP?
A. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network protocol used to send error messages and operational information between network devices, commonly used for diagnostic purposes such as ping and traceroute.
Q.70) Explain the concept of FTP.
A. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server on a computer network, typically used for uploading, downloading, and managing files on remote servers.
Q.71) What is SSH?
A. SSH (Secure Shell) is a cryptographic network protocol used to establish secure communication channels over unsecured networks, enabling secure remote access to networked devices and services.
Q.72) Define SSL/TLS.
A. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols that provide secure communication over a computer network. They are commonly used to secure web transactions, email, and other data transfers.
Q.73) What is CORS?
A. CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security feature implemented by web browsers to allow or restrict web applications running at one origin to access resources from another origin, preventing cross-origin HTTP requests by default for security reasons.
Q.74) Explain the concept of RESTful APIs.
A. REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications, and RESTful APIs adhere to this style, using standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to perform CRUD operations on resources.
Q.75) What is OAuth?
